After listening to this podcast, students will be able to:

• Describe how to perform initial assessment of a labour patient, distinguish false from true labour, evaluate labour progress, and apply appropriate fetal and maternal monitoring techniques.
• Describe and manage the stages of normal labour and delivery.
• Manage obstetric interventions and emergencies.
• Integrate family-centered care principles into obstetric practice.

By the end of this podcast, learners will be able to:

• Describe the timeline and structure of prenatal care visits.
• List the key investigations done at each stage of pregnancy.
• Outline the routine prenatal screening and imaging.
• Explain which medications and interventions are commonly recommended in pregnancy.

After this episode, learners will be able to:



• Describe the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, including key risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and first line management.
• Explain gestational diabetes mellitus, including risk factors, diagnostic approach, and evidence-based management.
• Discuss intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, including risk factors, recommended testing, and management.
• Outline strategies for monitoring individuals with high-risk pregnancies during the antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum period

1. Describe the anatomy and blood supply of the distal colon and rectum.

2. List what is resected and what is reconnected during a low anterior resection.

3. Describe the major differences between a low anterior resection and an abdominoperineal resection, and the indications for each.

4. Outline risk factors for anastomotic leak after a low anterior resection.

1. Describe the anatomy and blood supply of the proximal colon.

2. Outline the principles of resection for colon cancer.

3. List what is resected and what is reconnected during a right hemicolectomy.

4. Describe what is required for a successful anastomosis in colorectal surgery.

1. Describe different types of stomas, including ileostomy, colostomy, urostomy, and mucus fistula.

2. Explain the indications for a permanent versus temporary ostomy.

3. Evaluate the type of stoma a patient has based on clinical history, location, appearance, and output.

Laryngeal cancer is a type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or HNSCC for short. It typically arises from the epithelial lining of the larynx.

After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to understand what laryngeal cancer is, risk factors of laryngeal cancer, common presentations of laryngeal cancer, basics of its diagnosis and treatment, and finally mimics of laryngeal cancer.

• Describe the basic anatomy of lymph nodes in the neck
• List 4 different types of neck dissections, and what they entail
• Be able to identify common complications of neck dissection
• Outline the initial management of the common complications of neck dissection

– Outline the theory and physics of laser refractive surgery

– Describe the differences between PRK, LASIK, and SMILE

– List key indications, exclusions, and essential pre-op tests

– Explain common risks, benefits, and complications of laser eye surgery

1. Explain the anatomy and optics of the eye related to the optical axis of the eye

2. Describe common refractive errors

3. Explain how refractive errors are measured

4. Recognize important red flags for non-refractive causes of vision loss

5. Summarize current vision correction options

● Describe the important features of medical history related to arterial ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers

● Recognize the important physical exam findings associated with arterial ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers

● Outline a treatment plan for patients with Arterial ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers

● List four wound prep principles and five patient related factors for caring for patients with chronic wounds

● Describe the important features of the medical history related to venous ulcers

● Recognize the important physical exam signs associated with venous ulcers

● Outline a treatment plan for a patient with a chronic venous ulcer

After listening to this podcast, you will be able to:

1. Define cardiac tamponade and explain its pathophysiology.

2. Describe the boundaries of the cardiac box and list the elements of Beck’s triad.

3. Identify the key clinical features of cardiac tamponade and explain how to make the diagnosis.

4. Discuss the management of cardiac tamponade, including emergent interventions and definitive treatment strategies.

After listening to this podcast, you will be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy of the ribcage and outline the mechanism of simple rib fracture in blunt force trauma.

2. Explain the mechanism of injury in rib fracture with pneumothorax, hemothorax and flail chest.

3. Outline the important elements of the history and physical examination in patients with rib fractures.

4. Outline the management of patients with rib fractures.

5. Outline the indications for surgical fixation of rib fractures.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

• explain the surgical anatomy of the pancreas

• describe the essential elements of the Whipple procedure

• outline indications for a Whipple procedure

By the end of today’s episode, the learner will be able to:

1. 1. Identify renal colic and differential diagnosis

2. 2. Determine appropriate investigations when suspecting nephrolithiasis

3. 3. Evaluate the need for stone treatment and referral to urology

4. 4. Suggest appropriate stone prevention strategies

Today we’re going to consider how to properly prepare patients for surgery, looking specifically at the medications that patients are taking.

After listening to this episode, you should be able to:

1. Explain the two main reasons why we need to know about medications that people are taking before they have surgery.

2. List classes of medications that should be:

a. continued during the pre-operative period

b. adjusted prior to surgery

c. stopped prior to surgery

• describe the innervation of the female reproductive system,

• identify that pain is often perceived by patients undergoing office gynecological procedures,

• outline factors associated with increased pain perception during office gynecologic procedures,

• describe evidence-based techniques to reduce pain during gynecologic procedures, including pelvic exams, IUD placement, and endometrial biopsy.

You may also hear this topic referred to as thyroid orbitopathy or Graves’ orbitopathy, but today we will use the overarching umbrella term of Thyroid Eye Disease.

After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to:

1. Explain the anatomy and pathophysiology behind thyroid eye disease

2. Recognize signs and symptoms of thyroid eye disease

3. List treatment options for thyroid eye disease, including surgical options

Today’s learning objectives:

1. Intraocular foreign body: take an effective history and select appropriate imaging depending on the type of foreign body.

2. Globe rupture: recognize that this also an ophthalmic emergency, and recognize signs that may indicate an open globe.

This week’s episode will cover lacerations and compartment syndrome.

For today, our objectives are:

1. Eyelid lacerations: recognize if these involve the eyelid margin or the canalicular system, and recognize why medial lid lacerations are often the most concerning.

2. Orbital compartment syndrome: recognize signs of this ophthalmic emergency and explain why a lateral canthotomy and cantholysis is the urgent procedure of choice.

After listening to this podcast, learners should be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy relevant to a tympanic membrane perforation.

2. List the mechanisms by which a tympanic membrane perforation can occur.

3. Gather pertinent positives on history and physical exam for a patient presenting with a suspected tympanic membrane perforation.

4. Recognize signs of an emergent presentation.

5. Outline treatment options for a tympanic membrane perforation including surgery.

After this episode, listeners will be able to:

• Define and describe the importance of nontechnical skills in improving surgical outcomes

• Articulate the NOTSS framework for categorizing nontechnical skills

• Identify a personal learning plan to improve nontechnical elements in surgical education

After listening to this episode, you will be able to:

1. Outline the role of vasopressors

2. List the 5 main vasopressors used in the OR and their indications

3. Describe the mechanism of action for Phenylephrine, Ephedrine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Vasopressin

After listening to this episode, you will be able to:

1. Define the goals of the maintenance phase of anesthesia.

2. Define Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) and its use in providing an adequate level of anesthesia.

3. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of volatile anesthetics.

4. Name 5 inhalation anesthetics that can be used and provide a brief description of when each one can be used.

5. Describe the key steps of emergence from anesthesia.

In this three part series, Swetha will discuss the essential components of general anesthesia and discuss the key medications associated with each one. The goal is to enhance your understanding of the basic drugs administered to surgical patients within the framework of a general anesthetic.

After listening to this episode, listeners will be able to:

1. Describe the 4 components of a general anesthetic

2. List the 3 phases of anesthesia

3. List four medications commonly used as amnestic/hypnotic agents in induction

4. Describe how each induction plan is tailored to the specific patient

The objective of the podcast is the following:

● Develop an approach to the history and physical examination of patients with facial nerve palsy.

● Describe how Facial Nerve Palsies are graded.

● List the investigations that can be ordered for the workup of facial nerve palsy.

● Understand the basic management of facial nerve palsy.

In this episode the anatomy, symptoms, and etiology of facial nerve palsy are discussed.

After listening to this podcast learners will be able to:

1. Describe the basic function of the facial nerve

2. Outline a differential diagnosis for facial nerve palsy.

By the end of this podcast learners should be able to:

● Outline the etiology of Cholesteatoma,

● Identify the key clinical features of a Cholesteatoma patient,

● List the key investigations to diagnose a Cholesteatoma,

● Formulate a management plan for a Cholesteatoma patient, and

● Detail the various complications that patients with Cholesteatoma may encounter

By the end of this podcast learners should be able to:

● Outline the etiology and epidemiology of mandibular fractures.

● Identify the key clinical features of a mandibular fracture.

● List the key investigations for mandibular fractures.

● Formulate a management plan for a patient with a mandibular fracture.

● Detail the various complications that patients with mandibular fractures may encounter.

After listening to today’s podcast learners should be able to:

● Identify the key features on history and physical examination of Herpetic Whitlow.

● Understand the pathophysiology of Herpetic Whitlow.

● List the pertinent investigations for a suspected Herpetic Whitlow.

● Outline the management for Herpetic Whitlow.

Today we will be talking about a specific type of hand infection called felon infection, which is an infection of the fingertip.

After listening to today’s podcast learners should be able to:

1. Identify the key features of history and physical examination of felon infection

2. Outline the pathophysiology of felon infection.

3. List the complications of felon infection.

4. List the pertinent investigations for a felon infection.

5. Outline the management for a felon infection.

After listening to this podcast learners should be able to:

1. Describe the relevant anatomy surrounding skier thumb injuries.

2. Outline the mechanism of injury associated with Skier Thumb injury.

3. Identify the difference between a Gamekeeper thumb vs Skier thumb injury

4. Identify the key features of history and physical examination suggestive of Skier Thumb injury?

5. List the investigations that are pertinent to a Skier thumb injury.

6. Outline surgical and non surgical options for treatment of Skier Thumb and the indications for both.

After listening to this podcast, learners should be able to:

1. Define strabismus
2. Describe the anatomy relevant to strabismus
3. List causes of strabismus
4. Categorize different types of strabismus
5. Explain amblyopia as a consequence of untreated strabismus
6. Describe surgical and non-surgical management options for strabismus

After listening to this podcast, learners will be able to:

1. Describe the relevant anatomy of the cornea.

2. List indications for corneal transplant.

3. Match common indications for corneal transplant with which type of surgery may be most appropriate.

Today we will discuss orbital fractures which are fractures of the bony eye socket.

After listening to this podcast, learners should be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy relevant to an orbital fracture.

2. Gather pertinent positives on history and physical exam for a patient presenting with a suspected orbital fracture.

3. Explain the danger of muscle entrapment and how to diagnose this.

4. Outline treatment options for orbital fractures, including surgery.

By the end of this podcast the listener will be able to:

1. Describe the eye anatomy relevant to glaucoma
2. Understand the pathophysiology, symptoms, and management options for open angle glaucoma
3. Understand the pathophysiology, symptoms, and management options for acute angle closure glaucoma
4. List other causes of glaucoma

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

1. Name the major structures of the eye

2. Describe the function of these structures

3. Relate these to common surgeries done in and around the eye

• Understand the basic anatomy, physiology, and function of the small bowel
• List the types and common locations of small bowel malignancies
• Recognize risk factors for small bowel cancers
• Identify the clinical presentations for small bowel malignancies
• Understand the preoperative workup for diagnosis
• Describe the surgical treatment for small bowel malignancies

• Briefly describe the pathophysiology, risk factors of pre-eclampsia, and complications
• Recognize the clinical presentation including history and physical findings
• List and describe your work up
• Describe your management and treatment if possible

• Briefly describe the aetiologies and pathophysiology of primary and secondary amenorrhea
• Recognize the clinical presentation including history and physical findings
• List and describe your work up
• Describe your management and treatment if possible

• Common causes of cranial and spinal infections that may develop into abscesses and lead to neurosurgical intervention
• Understand the workup used to assess patients that present with an infection that can be addressed by Neurosurgery
• List common differential diagnoses for these presentations
• Have a general knowledge of high yield surgical principles used
• Understand the non-surgical management of cranial and spinal abscesses

• Understand fundamental principles underlying various approaches to surgical treatment of the liver.
• Apply clinical scoring systems to decide between various treatment approaches for liver pathologies.
• Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of decision making for complex liver presentations.

• List the different types of liver cancer and their epidemiology
• Explain how to make the diagnosis in a patient with suspected liver cancer
• Describe how to stage a patient with suspected liver cancer
• Outline the treatment options for a patient with liver cancer

• List the most common types of benign liver lesions
• Outline the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of the patient diagnosed with a benign liver lesion

• Describe the anatomy and physiology of the liver
• Outline the pathophysiology and common symptoms of liver failure
• Explain how to assess and treat a patient with cirrhosis

• Discuss the epidemiology and natural history of benign renal masses
• List the most common types of benign renal masses
• Describe the investigations used to differentiate between a benign and malignant renal mass
• Describe the management of benign renal masses

• Describe what HPV is and how it relates to cancer, in particular head and neck cancers
• Recognize the risk factors for HPV-related head and neck cancers
• Differentiate between HPV-related and non-HPV related head and neck cancers
• List various management and treatment options for HPV-related head and neck cancer

• Explain the pathophysiology of a chylothorax
• List the common etiologies of a chylothorax
• Describe the assessment strategies for chylothorax
• Understand the treatment options available for chylothorax

• List the common etiologies of vocal fold paralysis
• Recognize the common presentations of vocal fold paralysis
• Explain the process to diagnose vocal fold paralysis
• Describe the management and treatment options for vocal fold paralysis

• Describe the typical clinical presentation of distal radius fractures
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with distal radius fractures

• Outline the anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland and the pathophysiology of pituitary tumours
• Describe the clinical presentation of pituitary adenomas, including endocrine and mass effect signs and symptoms
• Classify pituitary adenomas, based both on size and hormonal dysfunction
• List clinically useful investigations, including bloodwork and imaging.
• Build a robust differential diagnosis
• Describe management options, including medical, surgical and radiotherapy options and the pros and cons of each those

• List the reasons for which hysterectomies are done
• Outline the types of hysterectomies
• Outlines the route of hysterectomy and factors to consider when choosing route of hysterectomy
• Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the various surgical approaches
• List the pre-operative steps taken before a hysterectomy
• List the potential complications of hysterectomies

• Describe what a composite tissue flap is.
• Broadly describe the different ways of categorizing flaps.
• Detail the main differences between a random pattern flap and axial pattern flap.
• Provide examples of flaps and their uses.
• Outline the post-operative management of flaps.

• Differentiate the timing of repair for nerve injuries taking into account the acuity and mechanism of injury.
• Describe the investigations available to help diagnose a nerve injury.
• List the potential management options for a neuroma.
• Describe the basic principles of nerve grafting and reconstruction.
• Outline the recovery and expected outcomes of someone who has undergone a nerve repair.

• Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of nerves.
• Describe what Wallerian degeneration is and provide the basics of peripheral nerve regeneration.
• Describe a basic approach to history taking after a peripheral nerve injury.
• Describe the classification of nerve injuries using the Seddon and Sunderland classifications.

• Define what microsurgery is and provide examples of its applications.
• Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of blood vessels.
• Describe the initial approach to managing a laceration to the hand/wrist.
• List the basic tools and solutions you would find on the microsurgical field.
• Describe some of the basic principles of microvascular repair.

• Understand how a focal liver lesion may present
• Develop a differential diagnosis of benign and serious causes for focal liver lesions
• Describe the diagnostic workup and potential management plans for a focal liver lesion

• Describe common etiologies of MCC
• List risk factors for MCC
• Recognize classic presentation of MCC
• Develop a differential diagnosis for an asymptomatic growing nodule
• Outline the diagnostic work-up for MCC
• Describe therapeutic options for MCC

• Recognize and diagnose acute GI bleeding secondary to colon cancer.
• Develop an approach to acute bleeding with a good understanding of the different treatment modalities available.

• Understand the pathophysiology of bowel perforation secondary to colon cancer and how it may present.
• Demonstrate an approach to diagnosis and management of bowel perforation.
• Be familiar with the different treatment techniques, for such emergencies.

• Recognize the first main emergent presentation of colon cancer, how to diagnose, and how to manage them.
• Know when to utilize damage control measures and how to identify unstable patients.
• Understand the different treatment options for right versus left-sided obstructions.

• Define laryngomalacia and discuss why it is an important topic
• Describe the pathophysiology and classifications of laryngomalacia
• Outline the typical presentation of the condition
• Develop a differential diagnosis for chronic stridor in pediatric patients
• Outline the workup for a patient presenting with chronic stridor
• Describe options for medical and surgical management of laryngomalacia

• Define nocturnal enuresis and why this is an important issue
• Describe the pathophysiology and risk factors for nocturnal enuresis
• Develop a differential diagnosis for nocturnal enuresis (monosymptomatic vs non monosymptomatic)
• Describe the investigations for a patient presenting with nocturnal enuresis
• Describe options for behavioral and pharmacological interventions for nocturnal enuresis

• Describe the pathogenesis of GIST
• Recognize the clinical presentation of GIST including history and physical findings
• List potential differential diagnoses
• Describe treatment modalities

• Identify the various indications of rhinoplasty.
• Recognize the nasal anatomy that is being manipulated in the procedure.
• Describe in brief different surgical approaches, complications, and post-operative care for rhinoplasty.

• Understand why culturally safe and trauma-informed care is necessary when discussing tubal ligation
• Understand why counselling before the procedure is important and what to discuss with the patient
• Describe the different methods available for tubal ligation and recognize which methods are preferable for certain clinical scenarios
• Describe the surgical steps involved in laparoscopic tubal ligation

• Understand the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence and its impacts on quality of life
• Recognize the clinical presentation of stress urinary incontinence including history and physical exam
• Describe the pathophysiology of stress urinary incontinence and its 2 sub-types
• Describe the different techniques of mid-urethral sling surgery

• Understand pressure versus volume control ventilation
• Describe how different ventilator modes can be used for surgical induction, maintenance and emergence
• Describe clinical indications of readiness for extubation

• Understand the concepts of ventilation and oxygenation
• Describe the essential settings available on the ventilator
• Recognize and problem solve basic ventilation and oxygenation problems you might encounter in the OR

• Develop a differential diagnosis for heavy, irregular vaginal bleeding.
• Outline the diagnostic work-up for cervical cancer and interpret based cervical biopsy results.
• Describe the general staging system for cervical cancer and explain how it guides treatment-intent.
• List the pros and cons of the different treatment modalities available for cervical cancer, along with their side-effects.

• Discuss the prevalence, current trends, and motivations behind FGC
• Describe the different types of FGC
• Detail the legality of FGC in Canada
• Discuss the immediate and long term consequences of FGC
• Discuss the clinical management of women with FGC with respect to gynecologic and obstetric care
• Develop an approach for the provision of culturally competent and trauma informed care for adolescents and women with FGC

• Discuss the prevalence, current trends, and motivations behind FGC
• Describe the different types of FGC
• Detail the legality of FGC in Canada
• Discuss the immediate and long term consequences of FGC
• Discuss the clinical management of women with FGC with respect to gynecologic and obstetric care
• Develop an approach for the provision of culturally competent and trauma informed care for adolescents and women with FGC

• Describe Surgical approaches used for male gender affirming surgery, including metoidioplasty, phalloplasty and testicular and penile implants
• Outline complications commonly seen after male gender affirming surgery

• Describe the pre-operative considerations relating to gender affirming surgery
• Outline the embryological origins of the external genitalia
• Describe the common surgical techniques used in female gender affirming surgery
• List complications commonly encountered after female gender affirming surgery

• Describe basic terms relating to about the transgender community
• Comfortably use inclusive language and pronouns
• Describe the DSM-IV diagnosis of gender dysphoria, and
• Recognize the elements of the pathway to receiving gender affirming surgery in Canada

There are no formal “learning objectives” for this episode, but I hope you will be able to reflect on the following ideas:

1. The role of Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) in surgical education regarding what is taught, why, and by whom.
2. How to reflect on and grow your own EDI understanding as you go through your medical training.

• Describe the typical clinical presentation of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
• Explain the pathophysiology for De Quervain’s tenosynovitis
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.

• Describe the typical clinical presentation of mallet finger
• Explain the pathophysiology for mallet finger
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with mallet finger.

• Describe the typical clinical presentation of Dupuytren’s contracture
• Explain the pathophysiology and list common risk factors for Dupuytren’s contracture
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with Dupuytren’s contracture.

• Describe the typical clinical presentation of trigger finger
• Explain the pathophysiology and list common risk factors for trigger finger
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with trigger finger.

1. Review basic principles of vascular bypass grafts
2. Review surgical terms used
3. Understand potential complications of bypass grafts
4. Understand the basic steps of various bypass grafts

1. Pathophysiology of PAD
2. Clinical features of PAD
3. Medical and surgical management of PAD

1. Recognize the clinical presentation of meniscal injury on history and physical exam.
2. Describe the anatomy of the menisci and classification of tears.
3. Describe operative and non-operative management options for meniscal tears, including the indications, risks, and benefits of each.

• Define Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy
• Understand why it’s important
• The relevant pathophysiology of DCM and how patients present
• The prognosis of DCM

• Exactly what giant cell arteritis is, and its pathophysiology
• Factors that are associated with its occurrence
• How it clinically manifests in patients, and how you can recognize it
• Other common differentials
• What urgent management is required, as well as considerations for longer-term management

• Understand the basic anatomy of the esophagus
• Recognize the causes of an esophageal perforation
• Identify the locations and clinical presentations of an esophageal perforation
• List a differential diagnosis
• Understand the preoperative work up for diagnosing an esophageal perforation
• Describe the treatment
• Describe the major steps in the surgical repair of an esophageal perforation

• Define necrotizing enterocolitis and understand its importance as one of the most common gastrointestinal emergencies
• Describe the pathophysiology and potential risk factors
• Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings
• Outline appropriate investigations and treatment options

• Define tracheoesophageal fistulas and esophageal atresias and understand their importance
• Describe the pathophysiology and potential associated anomalies
• Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings
• Outline appropriate treatment options and potential complications

• Define an intestinal atresia and understand its importance
• Describe the pathophysiological processes leading to this condition
• Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings
• Outline appropriate investigations and treatment options
• Outline the prognosis and potential complications

• Define Congenital Talipes Equinovarus (CTE) and understand the importance of treating this deformity quickly
• Describe the pathophysiology and relevant anatomy
• Identify common clinical features and physical exam findings
• Outline appropriate treatment options and potential complications

• Define congenital diaphragmatic hernias and recognize the two common types
• Identify common clinical features, and physical exam findings
• List appropriate investigations and treatment options
• Describe the prognosis and potential complications

Hosted by Surgery 101 co-founder Dr. Jonathan White, this podcast episode covers the timely topic of bias, its influence in systems and learning, its visible and invisible impacts, and how to recognize our own bias and address it, something which isn’t talked about enough in medical school and residency education.

Keep an eye out for future Current Conversations podcast episodes, and let us know what you’d like to hear in a future episode.

GET IN TOUCH:

DR. JAVEED SUKHERA:

Twitter: https://twitter.com/javeedsukhera Website: https://javeedsukhera.com/about

SURGERY 101

Website: http://surgery101.org/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/surgery101/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/surgery_101 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/surgery101 Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/surgery.101

1. Describe the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy
2. Recognize the clinical presentation of diabetic retinopathy including history and physical findings
3. List and describe various related treatment options including the risks and benefits, effectivity, and common complications
4. Describe management and routine screening for diabetic retinopathy

Dr. Richardson is Associate Dean, Inclusion & Diversity, at the Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, and the Indigenous Health Strategic Lead at Women’s College Hospital in Toronto, Canada.

• Define Lumbar Hernia
• Describe the anatomy of Lumbar Hernias
• Outline the clinical presentation of Lumbar Hernias
• Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Lumbar Hernias

• Define Obturator Hernias
• Describe the anatomy relevant to Obturator Hernias
• Outline the clinical presentation of Obturator Hernias
• Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Obturator Hernias

• Discuss the basic pathophysiology and complications of abdominal wall hernias
• Define Spigelian hernia
• Describe the anatomy of Spigelian Hernias
• Outline the clinical presentation of Spigelian Hernias
• Describe the diagnosis and treatment of patients with a Spigelian Hernia

• Understand the indications for tracheostomy,
• Be able to choose the appropriate tracheostomy type,
• Will know the landmarks and important aspects of the procedure,
• Look out for potential complications, and
• Understand management of tracheostomies.

• Identify the different stages of esophageal cancer in broad terms.
• List the possible treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer.
• Ultimately, have a standardized approach to esophageal cancer, having understood the clinical presentation, relevant investigations, and treatment modalities.

• Identify risk factors related to each of the two types of esophageal cancer
• List symptoms presented by patients with esophageal cancer.
• Explain recommended steps to diagnose patients with esophageal cancer
• List the general treatment options for patients with esophageal cancer

• Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of an extensor tendon injury;
• List key structures relevant to the management of an extensor tendon injuries;
• Discuss of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of extensor tendon injuries;
• Outline potential complications of extensor tendon injuries.

1. Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of flexor tendon injury;
2. List the implications of primary versus secondary repairs;
3. Identify key structures relevant to the management of a flexor tendon injuries;
4. Discuss surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of flexor tendon injuries;
5. Identify potential complications of flexor tendon injuries.

• Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of proximal metacarpal fractures;
• Create a differential diagnosis for proximal metacarpal fractures;
• Understand the initial management for a patient with a proximal metacarpal fracture;
• Be aware of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of proximal metacarpal fractures;
• Identify potential complications of proximal metacarpal fractures
• Be aware of the long-term functional outcomes of proximal metacarpal fractures.

• Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of metacarpal fractures;
• Create a differential diagnosis for metacarpal fractures;
• Understand the initial management for a patient with a metacarpal fracture;
• Be aware of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of metacarpal fractures;
• Identify potential complications of metacarpal fractures
• Be aware of the long-term functional outcomes of metacarpal fractures.

1. Describe key structures relevant to the management of a nail bed injury;
2. List key features on history and physical examination suggestive of a nail bed injury;
3. Outline the initial management for a patient with a nail bed injury;
4. Discuss surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of nail bed injuries;
5. Identify and describe potential complications of nail bed injuries.

1. Describe an approach to a patient presenting with a digital amputation;
2. Describe an approach to classifying digital amputations;
3. List the indications and contraindications of digital replantation;
4. State the operative sequence of a digital replantation surgery;
5. Recall the key points related to post-operative care.

• Explain the mechanism of injury that leads to ACL tears
• Recognize and identify key features in the clinical presentation and physical evaluation of patients with these type of injuries
• List the methods of diagnosis and treatment for ACL tears

After listening to this podcast, the listener should be able to:

• List the signs and symptoms of oral cavity cancer,
• Recognize the risk factors of oral cavity cancer,
• Describe the recommended steps to work up a patient with oral cavity cancer and finally,
• List management and treatment options of oral cavity cancer.

• Explain the basic anatomy of the eye, including the different layers of the eye.
• Discuss the pathophysiology of a retinal detachment.
• Describe the typical clinical presentation of retinal detachments and understand when a referral to ophthalmology is appropriate.
• List and describe the 3 surgical options used to treat a retinal detachment.

1. Describe a general approach to gun shot wounds (or GSW) in the Trauma Bay or Emergency Department.
2. Explain the difference between low velocity and high velocity guns.
3. Describe the pathophysiology and common patterns of injury in gunshot wounds.
4. Identify medical and surgical management principles for GSW.

• Define the term “epidural hematoma”
• Differentiate epidural hematomas from other intracranial hemorrhages.
• Review the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to patients presenting with epidural hematoma
• List the differential diagnosis of epidural hematoma
• Recognize complications of epidural hematoma and post-operative complications

1. Define chronic pancreatitis
2. Identify the main causes and pathophysiology behind chronic pancreatitis
3. Identify the main presenting symptoms of chronic pancreatitis
4. Describe the workup and investigations for chronic pancreatitis
5. Describe the treatment plan for chronic pancreatitis, including surgical and non-surgical options

• Discuss the impact of a significant medical event on someone’s life
• Recognize that our actions can have an impact on a patient’s life forever
• Identify what inclusive medicine is and why it is important
• Describe the history of inclusive medicine
• Identify what you can do to create an inclusive profession

• Describe the basic physiology of skin grafts.
• List the indications for skin grafting.
• Explain the differences between STSG and FTSG, as well as their respective advantages/disadvantages.
• List the complications that can occur from skin grafting.
• Outline the post-operative care and expected outcomes of a patient with a recent skin graft.

After listening to this podcast, listeners will be able to:

Define and recognize SBS in post-surgical patients

Describe the pathophysiology of SBS

List prognostic factors for SBS

Describe the basis and indications for medical and surgical therapy for SBS.

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy and function of parathyroid glands
2. Discuss common pathophysiology involved in parathyroid disease
3. Outline the management of parathyroid disease
4. List complications of parathyroid surgery

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Define obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
2. Discuss anatomy related to OSA
3. Discuss surgical management options for OSA
4. List complications of surgery for OSA

Learning Objectives

1. Describe the anatomy and function of the paranasal sinuses
2. Define functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
3. Define chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)
4. List the complications of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)

By the end of this podcast, listeners will be able to:

1. Define hoarseness
2. Explain common etiologies contributing to hoarseness
3. List the treatment options for the common causes of hoarseness

After listening to this episode, listeners will be able to:

1. List the risk factors for umbilical cord prolapse.
2. Describe the signs of cord prolapse that should alert suspicion for the diagnosis.
3. Outline a management plan for cord prolapse.

After listening to this episode, you will be able to:

1. Identify the types of twinning based on chorionicity and amnionicity. 2. List the predisposing factors for a twin or multiple gestation pregnancy and associated risks for the mother and fetuses. 3. Outline a prenatal management plan for a twin pregnancy. 4. List the different types of presentations at the time of vaginal delivery. 5. Outline the specific considerations required at the time of labor and delivery of twins.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to:

1. Define the types of breech presentation.
2. List the risk factors for breech presentation.
3. Outline the timing, indications, contraindications, and technique required to perform an external cephalic version.
4. Describe the controversy surrounding vaginal delivery of a breech baby.
5. List the contraindications to planned vaginal breech delivery.
6. List the requirements that must be met during the breech labor and delivery process.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to:

1. Classify OVDs, also known as operative vaginal deliveries, and discuss the instrument options available to perform an OVD.

2. Identify the indications for and contraindications to an OVD.

3. Identify the fetal and maternal risks associated with OVD in comparison to a caesarean section.

4. List the pre-requisites and steps required to perform an OVD.

After listening to this podcast, students will be able to:

• Recall and list classification factors of uncomplicated versus complicated acute cholecystitis
• Recognize the importance and considerations of initiating antibiotic therapy
• Describe the concept of risk stratifying patients into low risk, versus high-risk surgical patients, and their subsequent clinical management

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to:

1. Define the term Zenker’s Diverticulum
2. Identify and list the signs and symptoms of Zenker’s Diverticulum
3. Discuss the role of imaging in diagnosing Zenker’s Diverticulum
4. List and describe the various treatment options for Zenker’s Diverticulum

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to:

1. Describe the patient presentation of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
2. Identify the key signs and symptoms for the diagnosis of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
3. Differentiate and list the types of medical and surgical therapy options

After listening to this podcast, listeners should be able to:

1. Define the different types of hiatal hernias
2. Identify the main presenting symptoms of the different types of hiatal hernias, and distinguish emergent from non-emergent scenarios
3. Describe the preoperative workup of hiatal hernias

By the end of this podcast, you should be able to:

1. Describe recent advances in the medical management of IBD including the mechanisms and indications of current biologics, biosimilars, and Tofacitinib, a small molecule drug.
2. Outline recent advances in the surgical management of IBD including the impact of minimally invasive techniques and the evolving role of surgery.
3. Explain the all-important role of multidisciplinary care for patients with IBD.

After listening to this episode, learners will be able to:

-Describe the anatomy of the mediastinum

-List the differential differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses

-Describe the clinical presentation of an anterior mediastinal mass

-Develop an approach to work up and treatment of mediastinal masses

A) List the indications for chest tube insertion

B) Describe the proper positioning and insertion technique for tube thoracostomy

C) List the complications of chest tube insertion

D) Describe the mechanism how the chest drainage system works

E) Troubleshoot improperly functioning chest tubes

F) Determine when a chest tube can be removed and describe proper removal technique

• Describe the risk factors and pathophysiology of postpartum endometritis
• Recognize symptoms of the condition
• Create a differential diagnosis for a postpartum fever and postpartum pelvic pain
• Construct an effective management plan

• Describe the various forms of hypertension in pregnancy and the postpartum period

• Recognize the symptoms of this condition

• Create a differential diagnosis of postpartum hypertension

• Discuss the treatment options

• Describe the risk factors for postpartum hemorrhage

• Recognize the symptoms of this condition

• Create a differential diagnosis of postpartum hemorrhage

• Construct an effective management plan and understand methods for prevention

• Understand the basic physiology that occurs during pregnancy and the postpartum period

• Be able to recognize medical issues that can arise during these periods of time

The topic of today’s podcast will be acute limb ischemia.

• By the end of this podcast, the listener should be able to:
• • #1. Define the importance of recognizing and treating acute limb ischemia
  • #2. Understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for acute limb ischemia
  • #3. Identify key features on history and physical examination suggestive of acute limb ischemia
  • #4. Create a differential diagnosis for acute limb ischemia
  • #5. Understand the natural history of acute limb ischemia
  • #6. Be aware of surgical and non-surgical options for the treatment of acute limb ischemia
  • and finally, #7. Identify potential complications of reperfusing a limb

By the end of this podcast, listeners should be able to:

• describe an approach to common congenital neck masses in children
• explain how the clinical presentation of common congenital neck masses relates to their embryologic origins
• outline the treatment of the most common congenital neck masses in children

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

● Understand why the detection of PE is important

● Explain the pathophysiology of a PE

● Describe the clinical signs and presentation of a PE

● Recognize your Differential Diagnosis when suspecting a PE

● Know the treatment options

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

1. Define the term “acute abdomen “
2. Review the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to patients presenting withacute abdominal pain
3. Discuss critical aspects that may influence the management and timing of managementof patients with an acute abdomen.
4. List the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain
5. Develop an appropriate plan for the management of patients with acute abdominal pain

Learning objectives are as follows:

1. What are the categories of vascular malformations and how do they typically present?
2. What are the treatment options and potential consequences? How do you choose an ideal treatment?
3. What imaging tools are useful for diagnosis?

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• Identify the two types of hemorrhage
• Provide three methods to control external hemorrhage
• Define the FAST exam, why it is performed, and the regions examined
• List the six locations of life threatening bleeding
• Define the difference between exploratory and damage control laparotomy

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• List the four main types of shock
• Describe how hemorrhagic shock is classified
• Describe the steps to the primary survey
• List the three main classes of intravenous fluids
• What is the deadly triad

After listening to this episode, learners should to be able to:

• Understand how to conduct a burn assessment.
• Understand the management process of acute burns.
• Recognize potential complications of burn injury.
• Understand Burn Centre Referral Criteria.

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• Identify global surgery opportunities for Canadian medical students.
• Discuss key ethical concerns in global surgery.
• Discuss strategies to mitigate ethical concerns.

• Understand what a National Surgical Obstetric and Anesthesia Plan (NSOAP) is.
• Describe the process of developing a NSOAP.
• Understand the importance of data collection in global surgery.
• Define capacity building and its role in global surgery.

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• Define what global surgery is.
• Describe the Lancet Commission on Global Surgery.
• Define the 2030 global surgery goals.

Shoulder dystocia is a complication that can occur during a vaginal delivery. It is an obstetrical emergency. Shoulder dystocia occurs when, after delivery of the fetal head, additional obstetrical maneuvers are required to deliver the fetal shoulders. It occurs in approximately 1% of births.

After listening to this episode, learners should to be able to:

• Understand the basic pathophysiology and types of ovarian cancer.
• Recognize the risk factors and clinical presentation of ovarian cancer.
• Understand the work-up and diagnosis of ovarian cancer.

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Recognize the common clinical presentation of cervical cancer.
• Understand the differential diagnosis of cervical cancer.
• Understand the basics of cervix cancer staging and treatment options.

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Recognize the risk factors for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Understand the basic pathophysiology and screening tests for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define Diabetic Foot Ulcers
• Explain the relevant Pathophysiology
• Review a Clinical Picture
• State how it’s diagnosed and
• Speak on its Management

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• List the signs and symptoms of portal hypertension
• Write orders for the initial management of a patient presenting with hematemesis
• Order investigations for a patient presenting with portal hypertension
• Outline the long term management of portal hypertension

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe the basic pathophysiology of portal hypertension.
• Outline the anatomy of the portal venous system.
• Explain the concept of porto-systemic collateralization and list six sites of collateralization.
• Explain why portal hypertension occurs.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Explain the pathophysiology of lower GI bleeds
• Review the importance of correctly identifying lower GI bleeds
• Outline clinical presentation
• List the differential diagnosis
• Describe possible investigations
• Review treatment options

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe the relevant pathophysiology
• Explain the importance of correctly identifying upper GI bleeds
• Review the clinical presentation
• List possible differential diagnosis
• Understand possible investigations and treatment options

After this podcast, you will be able to:

• Describe the anatomy of the carpal tunnel
• Explain the pathophysiology and list common risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome
• Describe the typical clinical presentation of carpal tunnel syndrome
• Outline the diagnosis and management of the patient with carpal tunnel syndrome.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe what they are and why they are important;
• Review the relevant pathophysiology;
• Explain how it’s diagnosed, and whether or not to treat;
• Go over treatment options
• Understand the prognosis and complications

After Listening to this podcast, the listener should be able to:

• Describe how to initially approach these emergency situations safely
• Be able to think through an algorithm of plans and contingencies with the goal of safely achieving an airway to provide ventilation in critical situations

After Listening to this podcast, the listener should be able to:

• Understand when a patient is considered to have a difficult airway
• Describe how to initially approach these emergency situations safely

This episode is called “What happens if I break a bone?” and we will be explaining not what happens when you break a bone and the Dr. who helps fix it. You can find Surgery ABCs on iTunes, Spotify, Google Play, Libsyn, and our website.

By the end of the podcast you should be able to:

• Define total anomalous pulmonary venous return as a cause of cyanotic heart disease
• Understand the embryology and pathophysiology of the disease
• Outline the clinical presentation
• Describe currently available management strategies

By the end of the podcast you should be able to:

• Define tetralogy of fallot as a cause of cyanotic heart disease
• Understand the embryology and pathophysiology of the disease
• Outline the clinical presentation
• Describe currently available management strategies

By the end of the podcast you should be able to:

• Define tricuspid valve atresia as a cause of cyanotic heart disease
• Understand the embryology and pathophysiology of the disease
• Outline the clinical presentation
• Describe currently available management strategies

By the end of the podcast you should be able to:

• define transposition of the great arteries as a cause of cyanotic heart disease
• Understand the embryology and pathophysiology of the disease
• Outline the clinical presentation
• Describe currently available management strategies

By the end of the podcast you should be able to:

• Define truncus arteriosus as a cause of cyanotic heart disease
• Understand the embryology and pathophysiology of truncus arteriosus
• Outline the clinical presentation
• Describe currently available management strategies

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define what a Physician Assistant (PA) is
• Review the roles of a PA
• Explain how PAs are trained and where they are employed
• Discuss how many PAs are in Canada
• Describe how PAs are regulate in Canada

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Have a general approach for classifying the different histopathologies of endometrial cancer
• Develop an overall framework of staging
• Relate staging to treatment options

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Recognize the common clinical presentation of endometrial cancer;
2. Understand how to diagnose endometrial cancer;

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Understand how to recognize and diagnose scoliosis in pediatric patients
• List categories for the etiology of scoliosis and provide some examples
• List key elements of a history and physical exam to identify the likely etiology of a patient’s scoliosis
• Understand appropriate investigations and follow-up for patients with scoliosis
• Recognize red flag features and know when to refer

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define Spina Bifida and understand it’s importance
• Discuss the relevant pathophysiology;
• Explain how it’s diagnosed, and whether or not to treat;
• Review treatment options
• Understand the prognosis and complications

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• List some common complications of the various bariatric surgeries
• Discuss diagnosis and management of these complications

By the end of this episode you should be able to:

• Understand the process required to get a patient to the point of having bariatric surgery.

By the end of this episode, you should be able to:

• Describe various types of bariatric surgery including adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, roux-en-y gastric bypass and duodenal switch.

By the end of this episode, you should be able to:

• Describe medical management options for weight loss.

By the end of this podcast you should be able to:

• Define what is obesity.
• Describe the most recent epidemiology of obesity globally and in Canada.
• Calculate body mass index and define the terms overweight, obesity and severe obesity.
• Review the pathophysiology of obesity and its comorbidities.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Explain the difference between a loop and an end enterostomy
• recognize an ileostomy and a colostomy

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Discuss possible complications of a segmental colectomy

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Explain why this topic is important
• Discuss proper technique for a digital rectal exam
• Review symptoms associated with a perianal abscess
• Understand treatment of a perianal abscess

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe significant weight loss
• Discuss the impact of unintentional weight loss
• Discuss the etiology of unintentional weight loss
• Describe an approach to unexplained weight loss

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe why (mal)nutrition is important in your patients
• Describe dietary components, guidelines and food considerations in hospitalized patients
• Describe strategies to enhance food intake in hospitalized surgery patients
• Discuss alternatives to oral diet – rationale, routes
• Describe Enteral Nutrition- indications, contraindications, complications
• Describe Parenteral Nutrition – indications, contraindications, complications

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Understand the most likely causes
• Explain diagnosis and management
• Form a differential diagnosis

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe the presentation of Cholangitis
• Review treatment and management options of Cholangitis

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Explain the procedure to a patient
• Discuss the risks and possible complications

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe the presentation of Biliary Colic and Cholecystitis
• Review differential diagnosis and diagnostics
• Understand treatment of both Biliary Colic and Cholecystitis

• Recognize the indications, contraindications and complications of cesarean sections
• Discuss the types of incisions and procedure involved
• Describe post-op care

• Describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of endometriosis
• Recognize the symptoms that might be present on initial presentation
• Discuss the differential and diagnosis of endometriosis
• Discuss treatment options

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Discuss the definition of hypermastia
• Understand the etiology of hypermastia
• Explain the presentation of hypermastia
• Describe some of the surgical techniques and management
• Review complications of hypermastia

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Construct a classification system for scrotal swelling
• Discuss the conditions of varicocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, and testicular cancer
• Describe the distinguishing features of a malignant versus a benign mass

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe and define the common causes of scrotal pain and the unique clinical presentations
• Understand treatment options for acute orchitis, acute epididymitis, and testicular torsion
• Explain the pathogenesis of testicular torsion and recognize the need for urgent management of this condition
• List the differential diagnosis for scrotal pain

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Know the importance of understanding aging in the surgical population
• Review the pathophysiology of aging
• Understand frailty in terms of the definition, ways to measure, relevance in clinical settings, and how to use the concept to improve surgical care in the elderly

After listening to this podcast, you should be able to:

• Understand the embryology behind malrotation
• Explain the clinical presentation and management
• Appreciate the subtleties in the clinical presentation of older patients

Open educational resources (OER) are freely accessible, openly licensed text, media, and other digital assets that are useful for teaching, learning, and assessing as well as for research purposes. There is no universal usage of open file formats in OER. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

After listening to this podcast, you should be able to:

• Explain the anatomy of inguinal hernias
• Present the clinical presentation
• And finally, understand the treatment for inguinal hernias

After listening to this podcast, you should be able to:

• Explain the clinical presentation and treatment for umbilical hernias
• Define epigastric hernias

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define Meckel’s diverticulum.
• Describe the clinic presentation of the disease and its differential diagnoses.
• Explain the treatment options for the condition.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define omphalocele.
• Understand its pathophysiology.
• Discuss the clinical presentation and the treatment for the condition.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define gastroschisis.
• Understand how gastroschisis presents.
• Explain the differential diagnosis for gastroschisis.
• Review treatment options for this condition.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Understand why CVI is important and how to identify and distinguish from other vascular diseases
• Explain the pathophysiology and classification of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
• Describe the typical clinical presentation of CVI
• Recognize the differential diagnoses and know the treatment options

• Define Valvular Heart Disease
• Discuss history and physical examination
• Review investigations
• Understand when a referral is necessary

No, doctors are not like superheroes. No, M&M is not the rapper Eminem, and no it’s also not the chocolate candies either.

Find our headquarters at: http://surgery101.org

Learning Surgery in the 21st century!

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After listening to this podcast you will be to:

• Classify Heart failure
• Classify Angina

• Define Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
• Discuss the basics of the procedure
• Review complications and how to break them up into early and late

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• discuss the etiology
• describe the clinical presentation
• review the clinical presentation and physical exam
• comprehend diagnosis and investigations
• understand the initial work up and treatment options

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Define Hemothorax and discuss its physiology
• Identify complications associated with a Hemothorax
• List Differential Diagnosis
• Understand presentation, and what information is important when taking a history and preforming a physical exam
• Discuss different investigations
• Review Management of a Hemothorax

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Understand the anatomy
• Discuss the physiology and pathophysiology
• Identify management options
• Understand complications associated with deep neck space infections

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Understand the important functions of the tonsil
• Discuss indications for tonsillectomy
• Identify post operative management options
• Understand complications associated with a tonsillectomy

After watching these videos you should be able to:

• Explain the inspection and palpation of the head and neck
• Identify the steps in a nasopharyngoscopy
• Understand the complete ear and nose exam
• Discuss the oral exam
• Review the cranial nerve exam

After listening to this podcast you could be able to:

• discuss the relevant anatomy
• describe the risk factors
• review the clinical presentations
• briefly discuss the initial work up and treatment options

• Use clinical features and severity of back pain to differentiate between back pain and degenerative disease and that of a tumor.
• Consider investigations, including when and how each test would be considered.
• Discuss the indications for surgery or radiation therapy.
• Understand the differences between metatastic tumors and primary tumors, and why it is important to comprehend.

After listening to this podcast you will be able to:

• Discuss the typical signs and symptoms that we see in patients suffering from brain tumors. These are important because they are often shared in common with other neurological conditions, and recognizing them promptly can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment.
• Understand how to confirm the diagnosis of a brain tumor.
• Talk about a general approach to classifying brain tumors. This is important in helping to sort through the very large number of different brain tumor types.
• Broadly discuss how adult brain tumors are treated, and what some of the expected outcomes are.

After listening to this podcast you will be able to:

• Know the importance of managing an acute disc prolapse
• Discuss the basic approach to acute disc prolapse, including imaging and referral to surgery
• Explain the differential diagnosis of the abrupt onset of a Neurological Deficit
• Describe what Cauda equina syndrome is and how common it occurs
• Understand management of Cauda equina syndrome
• Describe differential diagnosis for acute neurological syndromes
• Review lateral disc herniations

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Review the classification of a head injury
• Discuss the presentation
• Identify causes of head injuries
• Understand management of head injuries

• Classify hand injuries

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Understand the importance of the topic
• Discuss the Pathophysiology
• Recognize the clinical presentation
• Identify the differential diagnosis
• Discuss treatment and complications

After watching this video you should be able to:

• understand how to rule our head/spinal injuries
• describe facial inspections
• comprehend facial sensation in regard to injuries
• test vision during a facial examination
• check the occlusion
• perform facial palpation
• examine the head from a different perspective

After watching this video you should be able to:

• test vascularity of the hand
• perform a sensation exam of the hand
• demonstrate how to examine the motor function of the hand

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

• Understand the importance of the topic
• Discuss the Pathophysiology
• Recognize the clinical presentation
• Identify the differential diagnosis
• Discuss treatment and management options

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Discuss wound classification
• Review tissue and patient status
• Explain the decision tree including primary closure, debridement, and dressings
• Understand particular wound examples

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Understand how to read an x-ray

• Understand the presentation and pathophysiology of these 3 common lower extremity injuries
• Discuss the imaging and differential diagnosis for all 3 injuries
• Explain treatment options for Hip Fractures, Femur Fractures, and Tibia/Fibula Fractures

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Look for any abnormalities in the spine
• Palpate the spine for any causes of pain for discomfort
• Understand the range of motion tests on the spine
• Perform a neurologic exam of the spine
• Complete special tests for further investigation

• Understand the presentation and pathophysiology of these 3 common upper extremity fractures
• Discuss the imaging and differential diagnosis for all 3 fractures
• Explain treatment options for Distal Radius Fractures, Scaphoid Fractures, and Distal Radius Fractures

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Understand how to visually inspect the knees
• Review the palpation of the knee
• Perform the ROM and strength tests of the knees
• Discuss special tests to perform on the knee joint

• Understand it’s importance, and prevalence
• Discuss the pathophysiology and typical clinical presentation
• Explain how to perform a complete history and physical examination
• List the common differential diagnosis and tests to confirm Osteoarthritis
• Review the treatment options and complications

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Understand how to visually inspect the shoulder joint
• Review the palpation of the shoulder
• Perform the ROM and strength tests of the shoulders
• Discuss special tests to perform on the shoulder joint

• Acute compartment syndrome
• Infection
• Malunion
• Nonunion
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

• Understand why it is important to thoroughly evaluate the acutely painful major joint
• Perform a complete history and physical examination of the joint
• Discuss investigations and which findings lead to which diagnosis

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Understand how to inspect the hip joints
• Review the palpation of the hip joints
• Perform the ROM and strength tests of the hips

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define chronic limb ischemia
• Understand the clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches to patients with suspected chronic limb ischemia

Describe the medical and surgical management of chronic limb ischemia.

After watching this video you should be able to:

• Have a basic understand of how to examine the peripheral pulses
• Understand how to calculate the Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Understand that not all patients want or need reconstruction
2. Describe the different options for reconstruction of the breast
3. Explain nipple reconstruction
4. Discuss what is involved in the process of Oncoplastics

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Define Sentinel Node.
2. Describe how to mark and find the Node
3. Understand the rationalization and indications for Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for both DCIS and LCIS
2. Describe the diagnosis of DCIS and LCIS
3. Review treatment options for both conditions
4. Explain the risk of progression for DCIS

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Understand what tests to order for your patient.
2. Describe Metastatic and TMN staging
3. Review treatment options for Breast Cancer.

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Understand how to take a complete history and physical exam of the breast
2. Differentiate Benign and Malignant breast lumps
3. Understand the proper guidelines for screening breast cancer

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Define what a Wilms tumor is and why it is an important diagnosis to make in children

2. Recognize some of the common ways Wilms Tumours present

3. Explain how the diagnosis is made

4. Explain the treatment options and prognosis for children with a Wilms Tumor

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Identify the three major categories pediatric neck masses
2. Be able to use a stepwise approach to narrow down your differential diagnosis
3. Know common causes of neck masses from each category
4. Be familiar with some treatment options for each type of neck mass

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Define intussusception
2. Be able to recognize the signs and symptoms in a patient you think might have intussusception
3. Identify some key features to help differentiate intussusception from other causes of bowel obstruction
4. Be familiar with the diagnostic and treatment options

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Define Hirschsprung’s Disease and understand why it is important to pick up in a pediatric patient.
2. Be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung’s Disease
3. Know the diagnostic features of the disease and what tests to order
4. Be familiar with the treatment of Hirschsprung’s Disease

After listening to this episode, learners should be able to:

1. Define appendicitis and understand its importance in the pediatric population
2. Recognize some of the challenges in diagnosing appendicitis in kids
3. Understand the risk of not diagnosing appendicitis quickly
4. Describe the common treatment options for appendicitis

After listening to this episode, you should be able to:

1. Describe the assessment of the child with intestinal obstruction

2. List the common causes of intestinal obstruction in the child

3. Develop an approach to narrowing down your diagnosis

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define Ethics
• Understand how ethics come into play in surgery
• Discuss the ethical tool kit and how to use it through a real case

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Discuss the importance of prudent post-operative orders.
• Describe the core components of post-operative orders that should be considered after every operation

After listening to this episode you should be able to:

• Describe the pathophysiology of this condition
• Understand the presentation of acute mesenteric ischemia
• Explain the work-up
• Review the management of acute mesenteric ischemia

All joking aside, a large majority of visits presenting to a primary care office consist of ear nose and throat complaints. Whether it is a runny nose, sore throat or ear pain, a complete head and neck exam is often needed to fully assess these concerns.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Discuss the important elements of the head and neck exam including examination of the ear, nose, oral cavity, cranial nerves and neck.
• Describe important equipment required for a head and neck exam.
• Explain important components of nasolaryngoscopy.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum
• Describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of pectus deformities
• Recognize the symptoms that might be present on initial presentation
• Discuss treatment options

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Define negative pressure wound therapy
• Understand how negative pressure wound therapy works
• Describe clinical applications
• Explain indications and contraindications.

After listening to this podcast you should be able to:

• Describe the presentation of septic arthritis
• Understand the etiology
• Explain a complete physical exam and history of suspected septic arthritis
• Recognize the diagnosis and management

After this podcast you will be able to:

1. Describe the reasons a patient would want a vasectomy
2. Know who should get a vasectomy
3. Review common myths
4. Understand the procedure and follow-up
5. Comprehend the complications of a vasectomy

– Understand what a catheter is

– Know why people need catheters

– Define the urethra

– Describe proper catheterization techniques

– Explain the different types of catheters and their uses

– Troubleshoot difficult scenarios

– Set-up – Inspection – Palpation – Ausculation – Transillumination – Common findings

For more videos and podcasts visit Surgery101.org